Pannirselvam P.V, Henrique.B, Silva R.T, Gilson.G.M and Melo.M ; Departamento de Engenharia Química /CT. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal-RN. 59078400.Brazil. e-mail: pannirbr@gmail.com;

www.biomassa.eq.ufrn.br and www.ecosyseng.wetpaint.com.


As of 2006, there were 313 bio ethanol plants with a production of of 17 million cubic meters. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, and produces 60% of the world's total sugarethanol with cane grown on 3 million hectare , but the confirmed the presence of water contamination. Clearly, the ecosystems of areas in which biofuel crops are being produced are being rapidly degraded, and biofuel production yet to be designed to be environmentally and socially sustainable now and in the future for fuel , but also for the feed , fertilizer and feed with water reuse.

The term integrated biosystem has been introduced to describe the idea of using an inter-related set of enterprises so that the "waste" from one component becomes an input for another part of the system, which reduces costs and improves production and/or income. Some components of such systems have already been adapted, but an integrated system can go further and involves a shift in thinking towards a whole system approach. Theuse of energy and water for various rural solid waste treatment system , aquaculture, fisheries, hydro culture and hydro–phonics system yet have technical problems. Biodigesters is the main feature in integrated system designs, and play an important role in converting organic wastes to biogas, reclaimed water and relatively pathogen-free fertiliser.In several country th biodigester technology has a long history, but is currently used only in large-scale operations. However, with the advent of new environmental protection legislation, farm automation and diversification into on-farm value adding of farm produce, there will be increasing demand for smaller units to service average-sized piggery, feedlot, dairy and poultry.Waste stabilisation pond technology , which is also another component of the integrated biosystem, has advanced greatly in terms of application and reliability and this has come from the wealth of modern research, projected mainly for large scale waste water system , but not yet applied in many rural area in developing country such as Brazil.The main objective of this work is to make optimum design of small integrated ponds for the minimization of waste, energy and water. Because of the problems with convencional biosystems of a very inefficient resource of energy recovery and generation of by-products that are stored or exported, there is a great need for ecologically sound system design related to the treatments of biomass wastes and waste water treatment and its integration with aquaculture to redirect the waste processing industry's present behavior towards a path of synergy between rural development and environment. There can be no one "ideal" integrated biosystem, as each application will have different constraints, abilities and aims. At the same time, model or example systems can be used as starting points for site-specific applications so that each system suits local conditions, resource availability, the enterprise mix and the individuals concerned. This will avoid pushing up input costs by excessive demand and depressing the value of outputs by over supply .Activities related with this system at the macro scale include the planning of sustainable communities while those at the micro level include the design of eco-efficient systems. At both levels the guiding principles are the same - circular flow and closed loop ecosystems.Biosystem principles lie at the heart of designs for self-contained communities where recycling of grey water, crop and domestic wastes, is coupled with renewable energy use in order to grow food ,feed , fuel and fertilizer and increase the resource local economy .These decentralized technologies are already crucial in ecologically sensitive locations like our semiarid place . There are successful operations of integrated wastewater treatment in Germany, England, China,Thailand and India. However, the suitability of these operational models is highly dependent upon local circumstances and scale .To install a system in a new location, the successful model in one country or a particular area cannot simply be copied. Site-specific adaptations must be made to meet local requirements and constraints. There are a number of models that can be designed to suit individual farming situations or community level. The type of model will be highly dependent on the local conditions and resource availability. The principal element of biosystem we chosen to study are as follows. This system to be implemented in the rural place based on the crop, animal and sugar can based ethanol industrial solid wastes and effluents using innovative patented work and Zero emission approach.
Solid waste Processing: Both aerobic composting and anaerobic biodigestor has material of low cost.
Effluent Processing: After the bioconversion, the remaining liquid goes through a series of settling and oxidation ponds and then enters the fish pond. Before it enters the fish pond it undergoes a series of final processing steps that enable it to become fish food as well as nutrient irrigation water for feed, food production system. Closed and open use of water utilized was well studied to minimize de loss.
Sludge Processing: Once leaving the digester the sludge rich with protein is allowed to settle in the settling tank. It is then collected and sanitized, using a portion of the biogas from the digester. The sludge then goes into boxes and is seeded with sorghum seeds. After the hydroponics cultivation of green leaves are harvested, the organic bed all material becomes a feedstock for animals. The result which is high-grade compost was applied to the berms around the fishponds, or sold to surrounding farms, made possible via fast hydrolytic process and recycle of fungi.

Big and Deep Fishponds: The digested livestock wastes end up as nutrients in the fishpond that enable prolific growth of many kinds of plankton as free feeds for polyculture of many kinds of marketable fish feeding at different tropic levels such as carp, catfish and Tilapia. Fish produce their own wastes, which are treated naturally in the pond water to produce a second cycle of nutrients for crops in aquaponic cultures on floats, and on the dikes. In addition the fish fertilized water percolates into the berms both water and
nutrients to the crops. Further research and development of this system can lead to an economically viable, sustainable and highly integrated bio system that is particularly suited to emerging markets due to its low cost. The realization is that this system if properly combined as part of an integrated approach that extends not only to the farm but to sustainable community development to include other sustainable and potentially market to the industrial wastes and effluents too. This paper results are related to the preliminary design and economic and ecological considerations of this integrated bio system that is intended to examine several limitations of closed biosystems that could support long-term sustainability of the our local sem arid region . Many simplifying assumptions have been made to enable the components of such a system to be defined using modern software simulation using SuperPro deisgn.

System design and Simulation : Based on the principles of ecological engineering and ZERI ,Zero emission approach , the elements of integrated biosystems were identified to obtain the small scale bio system based on the intermediate scale technology . Also how these integrated bio system for food and fuel production could be designed and developed are suggested using computer aided project design. Wide ranges of pond were analyzed for intermediatescale system as compared to conventional known equipments. Integrated biosystem was synthesized allowing for flexibility in design and optimization of the bioprocesswith objective to the better and low investment option for treating waste waters for subsequent reuse in integrated aquaculture and biophonics or hydroponics culture. The intermediate scale anaerobic and aerobic ponds systems were designed using bio process simulation software Super Pro design V 4.9 to produce large quantities of algal biomass for animal and potential human consumption from the animal , domestic waste water , via aqua phonics systems of integrated for food energy production via biogas methane and integrated poly culture of fish prawn and vegetable . With economicobjectivetowardswater reuse, sustainable clean energy and food production, several preliminary projects have had been made and economic potential analyzed Thena detailedprojectengineering and the results on economical viability wereobtained usingthe process simulation software based on the integrated pond system and ZERI, zero emission method.


Model validation and Evaluations :The sustainable integrated biosystem projected consists of biodigestor pond system , the effluent of the biogas system feeding organic fertilizer to micro algae solar ponds, integrated ponds to the poly cultive fish and prawn system and also to the biophonics or hydro culture of vegetable production based on the biofertilizer from semintensive fish production. Several techno-economic parameters on investments and costs were obtained for the small scale pond based system design and compared to the conventional systems , where a better energy and biomass waste utilization were observed in relation to conventional bio process system This small systems project was analyzed and was then optimized using several simulation to have the increased efficiency, reduced resource use, avoidance of chemicals and less waste generation and the recycling of nutrients and materials and water . In the figure1,the major elements of the complex system are outlined where not only the aerobic and anaerobic are listed, but also the role of microbial community, their interactions as well as the processes are given .The input out of the system show clearly how complex is the integrated biosystem. This preliminary process flow sheet first made , then also we obtained results on equipments design , input out put mass and energy, as well the preliminary investment , cost and profit analysis using Super Pro design software .Also we obtained made technical and economical cash flow analysis for different scale of minimization of waste and water .


Conclusions: Even though the process integration of sustainable integratedsmallbiosystem were made possible for animal, domestic wastesand waste water, but several problems were encountered to implement the project as this system was very complex one. These problems and perspectives of process developed are reported with regard to the design andimplementation of the Biosystemto rural area in the northeast of Brazil. For this, Process simulation software is an essential tool. The decentralized small alcohol production integrated with this biosystem has shown to show to be more possible region with good return on investments , however the investment is very high as the system complexity is also very high. However small biosystem need to adapted to local, thus making the project more appropriate with use for integrated production of fish, hydrophonics of Tomato and melon in then semi arid climate with good local market. Future studies are needed to make low cost and investment approach to make this decentralized small biosystem more practical .


Keywords:Ruraldevelopment ,Aquaculture; Resources ; Ecodesign; Management; Nutrients; Environmental impact; Wastes; Integrated Pond ; Byproducts; FOOD ;Biogas; Fuel and Feed.

Bibliographical References .
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Acknowledgment :CNPQ/MCT/DEQ/PPGEQ/CT