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COMPUTER AIDED SMALL SYSTEM OF BIO HYDROGEN ,BIOGAS AND SYN GAS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS: OPTIMIZATION OF ZERO EMISSION CLEAN INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR ACID GAS RECOVERY , FERTILIZER, HEAT AND POWER.
Colaborative research proposal of Professor Dr.P.V.Pannirselvam
I INTRODUCTION
The application of fuel cells is gaining an icreasing interest in the world of energy production. The advantages of fuel cells are clear: the energy conversion is more efficient as compared to traditional energy conversion systems, and emission is zero. However, the feedstock for fuel cells, hydrogen, is derived from fossil fuels and as such contributes to the increase in carbon dioxide. Gasification of biomass is currently being studied as a method of producing hydrogen from renewable resources, but is still hampered by high investment and operational costs. This project is aimed at the biological production of hydrogen and biogas from biomass employing (hyper)thermophilic microorganisms in combination with photoheterotrophic microorganisms. This alternative approach offers several advantages: it can be operated with fairly low technology of small systems, it can handle 'wet biomass', the produced hydrogen is free from contaminants and, above all, the theoretical production of hydrogen cellulose is higher than that produced by gasification.
For the future power supply, new sustainable sources of energy which produce low emissions must be found, that are not based on the exploitation of oil, natural gas and coal resources. Hydrogen is an energy vector, comparable to electricity, extractable from water or organic compounds (renewable or fossil). In relation to electric current, hydrogen offers however the advantages of being well storable and transportable. Hydrogen is a clean fuel with no CO2 emissions and can be sustainably produced. The use of H2 in fuel cells is completely emission-free, since only water vapour develops as exhaust gas. During the hydrogen use in combustion engines and catalytic burners only very small quantities of nitrogen oxides are emitted. Therefore hydrogen is considered as an important key to a sustainable world power supply and is currently being seen as the versatile fuel of the future, with the potential to replace fossil fuels (Zurawski, D et al., 2005).
Biohydrogen plants are proposed industrial plants for the production of hydrogen. They would typically involve processes such as thermophillic fermentation, photofermentation and gas cleaning.[1] Biohydrogen production can also involve an element of anaerobic digestion where the methane from biogas is converted through steam reforming into hydrogen.Hydrogen can be produced by bacterial species such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Enterobacter cloacae.. Biohydrogen can be produced through dark fermentation either by mix culture of hydrogen producing sludge or pure culture of anaerobic bacteria such as
The subject of carbon and sulphur removal and reuse have been point of problematic not only for petroleum and gas industry but also for the clean fuel production from waste residues, where as CO2 is a problem for the global environmental heating. At the present time, a significant quality of sulfur present in the natural gas and CO2 are lost in atmosphere but with out recovery and reutilization leading to ecological non equilibrium and imbalance with dispersal, odor and disposal problems. The conventional methods for carbon dioxide sulphide removal such as precipitation, absorption using toxic solvents ethanol amine and adsorption offer partial solution to this problems, as these processes are expensive, need high-energy input and require pollution control units. Thus, there is a need for the environmentally sound solution to this problem.
These problems are also relevant to our state Rio Grande do Norte, northeast of Brazil in which our Federal University of State of Rio Grande do Norte - Brazil, UFRN, is situated, because there are high quantity of natural gas production with significant level of sulphur contents and natural gas processing unit as this place is also tropical country agrobased economy such as Thailand and hence also several active reasearch which are realted with this fiekd in Asian university in Thailand .
In this context, it has rapidly become apparent from the research efforts via biotechnology for Biogas and Biohydrogen production and genetically modified microorganism that the microbiological removal and recovery of sulphur and CO2 via appropriate biotechnology is indeed technically viable method offering ways to this problem with clean technology. This technology development would mean major saving in energy, less residues abundantly available in both the brazil and also from Thailand sucah as agro bimass wsate from acssava and sugar cane industry.. However such via viable clean technology is not yet readily available, but need to be experimented, designed and developed.
Our research activities, even through strongly influenced by overdeveloped countries, yet they are different as these researches are directed towards regional problems with development of appropriate, intermediate, equilibrium biotechnology relataed to implimentation in developing country such as Brazil and Thailandia , taking into consideration the leading position of the country natural biomass resourses as well as the deveoped agrobusiness.Thus there is need to the energy production of decentralized small system to attend food and agoindustry of these country need with objective of not without much the high level investment and energy intensive biotechnology of overdeveloped countries.
For this technology development towards control of small energy production with out pollution using modern microbial process, two major field are identified and recommended for developing countries by biotechnology expert Heden, one, the Ecological microbiology and the other the Bioprocess engineering. In addition to this, our research group, a small interdisciplinary team is also working in another field, recently identifying also simillar research in Asian university thailand related to above two fields in the Environmental Biotechnology. And Biofuel for Fuel cell Our research focus is in this new area involving bioprocess cost engineering and optimization of clean fuel process development using modern computer aided Simulation softwere .
As the recently created Brazilian national agency for Petroleum (ANP) and Bioenergy company of PetroBras , BRAZIL is supporting our graduate, master and doctorate level research projects connected with environment problems related with small enery prouction. We choose this field to apply our research efforts that had success in the past with considerable practical results obtained in the field of process cost engineering, process simulation and clean technology development.
Because the fields of our proposed research work involve multi disciplinary research of bio-process design for clean fuel, we searched for international collaboration. Our recent participations in International Conference on Microbial Biotechnology in India, as well as our visit to three advanced biotechnology research laboratories there, made possible to formulate our research objective jointly towards the clean technology developments appropriate to our research problems with environmental biotechnology group of NEERI, India with the help of the TWAS /CSIR in our earlier work .This we wish now to extend to thailand too as all are South Asia, Thailand playing Cenral role of integration of sevral countries in the regions
Our second strategy for success of the project is the selection of right/ proper bio processes based on Brazilian Biotechnological experiences and raw materials and also the multiples microorganism of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, chemolithotropic bacteria micro algae and novel reactor system to design for viable small system for clean energy production
Our third strategy for rapid research and development work is joint collaborative research with bio process engineering in this field that can facilitate to execute our project task within time with combined effort. We have identified two projects for the present.
During the production of biogas, hydrogen is being formed. This hydrogen remains obscure as it is immediately consumed by methanogenic bacteria. By decoupling the fermentations in the biogas production, hydrogen and methane production can be separated Hydrogen can be used for the production of electricity and heat using a fuel cell; methane can used to feed the regular gasdistribution or, after steam-reforming, to add to the hydrogen yield of the bioprocess. In this way, biomass is converted to 3 green energy products: electricity, heat and gas. The separated production of hydrogen and methane is novel and paves the way for a rapid transition to the clean hydrogen economy. In the end, the methane fermentation may be replaced by other hydrogen producing processes such as photofermentative or thermochemical conversion of organic acids to hydrogen. The bioprocess presented here is partially established technology and offers a sound and versatile basis for the conversion of biomass to energy to reduce CO2 emission as agreed in the Kyoto protocol.
Besides glucose and starch, the agricultural products sugar from waste sweet potato, cashew , coconut fruits rice mill , cassava root, yam , fish , shrimp and sugare cane will be investigated. To demonstrate a biogenous waste as the carbon source, the substrate potato peels was additionally tested for its potential of hydrogen production. The acids mainly produced by the heterotrophic production of biohydrogen are acetic-, propionic- and butyric acid. Maximum hydrogen production and conversion yields from various substrates are listed in Table1
The maximum hydrogen conversion yield of 4 mol H2 per mol of glucose can be achieved with acetate (CH3COOH) as the fermentation end product (1). If butyric acid (CH3(CH2)2COOH) or propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH) is the end product, then the H2 conversion yield is only 2 mol H2 (2) and 1 mol H2 per mol of glucose (3), respectively.
Table 1. Maximum hydrogen production and conversion yields from various substrates
C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2 (1)
C6H12O6 → CH3(CH2)2COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2 (2)
C6H12O6 → CH3CH2COOH + CO2 + H2 (3)
According to Hallenbeck (2004), using mixed cultures for inoculation of the process, a combined production of both acetic and butyric acid often occurs, resulting in a maximum hydrogen conversion yield of 2 mol H2 per mol of glucose (4).
4C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 3CH3(CH2)2COOH + 8CO2 + 8H2 (4)
During the anaerobic degradation of glucose, also lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) can be formed.The formation of lactic acid is unwanted during the production of biohydrogen, since whereby no hydrogen is set free (5). In addition lactic acid bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus paracasei or Enterococcus durans) can form intermediate catabolic products (so-called bacteriocrine), in hibiting hydrogen producing bacteria (Noike et al, 2002).
C6H12O6 → 2CH3CHOHCOOH (5)
According to the results of the literature , as presented in the Table 1, the highest production of biohydrogen was achieved using glucose as carbon source. The value of 221 Nml H2/g VSS of glucose was reached under optimum conditions and with heat pretreated sewage sludge as inoculum .Using the substrates sugar beet, fodder beet, turnip and potato, specific hydrogen productions of 114 Nml H2/g VSS, 185 Nml H2/g VSS, 142 Nml H2/g VSS and 153 Nml H2/g VSS respectively, were attained. The specific volume of biohydrogen produced from the biowaste potato peels is also significant amounting to a value of 85 Nml H2/g VSS. Considering the VFA produced, production of lactic acid is noticeable for the substrates glucose (291 mg/g VSS) and sugar beet (82 mg/g VSS). The formation of lactic acid is unfavourable for the production of hydrogen as described above. Using the substrates fodder beet, turnip and potato peels no lactic acid could be analysed. For potato as carbon source, a very low concentration of 0.7 mg lactic acid/g VSS was determined. Apart from the model substrate glucose, the highest production of hydrogen (185 Nml H2/g VSS) and consequently also of the highest production of acetate (195 mg/g VSS) VSS) was attained using the starchy substrate fodder beet and butyrate (290 g/g ).
Biological hydrogen production and carbon di oxide removal from from fuel gas obtained from biomass wastes waste in which our group has basic research data, making possible the bio an thermo process design and process economic study of the future joint research proposalof international colaboration.
II RATIONALE AND JUSTIFICATION
1- A large amount of corrosive, toxic gas is generated that needs higher investments for removal and recovery with conventional methods of biofuel and hydrogen production
2- High levels of odour control problems from acid gas associated with pollution the life of labors in the Industry.
3- Very simple nutrition requirement for microbial bio process compared to thermo chemical process bacteria and algae systems , Thus combined one more practical
4- Deep removal of carbon di oxide and suphide – 99%
5- Lower residual toxic gas, less than 5 ppm and low consumption of energy.
6- Odour free treated effluent and high value microbial biomass protein production for animal feed fior fertizer and feed from waste
7- Clean ecological processing using microbs and support carrier derived from renewable biomass resource with minimum effluents of energy production system
8- High rate microbial process due to high density of biomass supported carrier system and low cost of bioreactors and higher productivity.
9- Most economical methods due to optimization of process equipment’s, energy and material impact, recovery of energy ,heat and high valve products with minimization of residues and emission
10- Good research facilities between the pilot plant facilities and collaborating institutions
11- Previous research Experience in biotechnology (environment biotechnology) and process engineering cost optimization using software with participation of international conference and research collaboration on novel biomass development.
12- Several applications of the small system energy developed for developing countries.
III OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this proposal is the development of a system for the production of hydrogen and biogas from renewable resources that meets the specifications for application in fuel cells and rural energy use . In this way the advantages of production of biofuiel and fuel cells, i.e. higher energy conversion and zero emission, will become exploitable without the traditional carbon dioxide emission associated with the utilisation of fossil fuels. This goal will be achieved through complex system ntegration of the work using computer aided on processing biomass from energy crops and waste streams via computer aides modeling, and optimization ; the development of a microbial hydrogen producing ‘factory’, and the recovery and application of the product. The Brazil and Thailand involvement of scientists and industrialists will support the objective of the knowledge spreading and the potential introduction of biological hydrogen production across these developing countries .
The other objective will be focussed to study the microbiological process design, operation and monitoring of the system designed using microbial bioreactor system for Bio hydrogen using thermofilic bacterias and thermo hydrogen production with bio oil , as well as the carbon and sulphur recovery and the odor control where as fotosysthetico bacterias and algae for CO2 removal. The evaluation of the best biological process and project that yield low emission of gas residues and higher byproduct recovery leading to clean technology biohydrogen is also our aim to achieve. Our major effort include synthesize of the project and analyze of the system development with regard not only the investments and cost, but also environmentally clean, will be limited to the following three lines of research. .
REFERENCES
Bursche, W. (2004): Untersuchungen zur biologischen Wasserstofferzeugung aus verschiedenen biogenen Roh- und Reststoffen. Project Work at the Department of Waste Management, Hamburg University of Technology TUHH, unpublished.
Ginkel, S. van; Sung, S.; Lay, J.-J. (2001): Biohydrogen as a function of pH and substrate concentration. Eviron. Sci. Technol. 35, pp. 4726-4730.
Hallenbeck, P.C. (2004): Fundamentals of the fermentative production of biohydrogen. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Anaerobic Digestion, Montreal, pp. 241-248.
Hawkes, F.R.; Dinsdale, R.M.; Hawkes, D.L.; Huss, I. (2002): Sustainable fermentative hydrogen production: Challenges for process optimization. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27, pp. 1339-1347.
Zurawski, D. meyer .Mand Stegmann R(2005). Fermentative production of biohydrogen from biowaste using digested sewage sludge as inoculum, Department of Waste Management, Hamburg University of Technology TUHH, Harburger Schlossstrasse 36, 21079 Hamburg, Germany . the paper presented for Sardinia 2005, Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium
Nandi, R.; Sengupta, S. (1998): Microbial production of hydrogen: An overview. Critical. Rev. Microbiol. 24 (1), pp. 61-84.
Noike, T.; Takabatake, H.; Mizuno, O.; Ohba, M. (2002): Inhibition of hydrogen fermentation of organic wastes by lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27, pp. 1367-1371.
Colaborative research proposal of Professor Dr.P.V.Pannirselvam
I INTRODUCTION
The application of fuel cells is gaining an icreasing interest in the world of energy production. The advantages of fuel cells are clear: the energy conversion is more efficient as compared to traditional energy conversion systems, and emission is zero. However, the feedstock for fuel cells, hydrogen, is derived from fossil fuels and as such contributes to the increase in carbon dioxide. Gasification of biomass is currently being studied as a method of producing hydrogen from renewable resources, but is still hampered by high investment and operational costs. This project is aimed at the biological production of hydrogen and biogas from biomass employing (hyper)thermophilic microorganisms in combination with photoheterotrophic microorganisms. This alternative approach offers several advantages: it can be operated with fairly low technology of small systems, it can handle 'wet biomass', the produced hydrogen is free from contaminants and, above all, the theoretical production of hydrogen cellulose is higher than that produced by gasification.
For the future power supply, new sustainable sources of energy which produce low emissions must be found, that are not based on the exploitation of oil, natural gas and coal resources. Hydrogen is an energy vector, comparable to electricity, extractable from water or organic compounds (renewable or fossil). In relation to electric current, hydrogen offers however the advantages of being well storable and transportable. Hydrogen is a clean fuel with no CO2 emissions and can be sustainably produced. The use of H2 in fuel cells is completely emission-free, since only water vapour develops as exhaust gas. During the hydrogen use in combustion engines and catalytic burners only very small quantities of nitrogen oxides are emitted. Therefore hydrogen is considered as an important key to a sustainable world power supply and is currently being seen as the versatile fuel of the future, with the potential to replace fossil fuels (Zurawski, D et al., 2005).
Biohydrogen plants are proposed industrial plants for the production of hydrogen. They would typically involve processes such as thermophillic fermentation, photofermentation and gas cleaning.[1] Biohydrogen production can also involve an element of anaerobic digestion where the methane from biogas is converted through steam reforming into hydrogen.Hydrogen can be produced by bacterial species such as Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Enterobacter cloacae.. Biohydrogen can be produced through dark fermentation either by mix culture of hydrogen producing sludge or pure culture of anaerobic bacteria such as
The subject of carbon and sulphur removal and reuse have been point of problematic not only for petroleum and gas industry but also for the clean fuel production from waste residues, where as CO2 is a problem for the global environmental heating. At the present time, a significant quality of sulfur present in the natural gas and CO2 are lost in atmosphere but with out recovery and reutilization leading to ecological non equilibrium and imbalance with dispersal, odor and disposal problems. The conventional methods for carbon dioxide sulphide removal such as precipitation, absorption using toxic solvents ethanol amine and adsorption offer partial solution to this problems, as these processes are expensive, need high-energy input and require pollution control units. Thus, there is a need for the environmentally sound solution to this problem.
These problems are also relevant to our state Rio Grande do Norte, northeast of Brazil in which our Federal University of State of Rio Grande do Norte - Brazil, UFRN, is situated, because there are high quantity of natural gas production with significant level of sulphur contents and natural gas processing unit as this place is also tropical country agrobased economy such as Thailand and hence also several active reasearch which are realted with this fiekd in Asian university in Thailand .
In this context, it has rapidly become apparent from the research efforts via biotechnology for Biogas and Biohydrogen production and genetically modified microorganism that the microbiological removal and recovery of sulphur and CO2 via appropriate biotechnology is indeed technically viable method offering ways to this problem with clean technology. This technology development would mean major saving in energy, less residues abundantly available in both the brazil and also from Thailand sucah as agro bimass wsate from acssava and sugar cane industry.. However such via viable clean technology is not yet readily available, but need to be experimented, designed and developed.
Our research activities, even through strongly influenced by overdeveloped countries, yet they are different as these researches are directed towards regional problems with development of appropriate, intermediate, equilibrium biotechnology relataed to implimentation in developing country such as Brazil and Thailandia , taking into consideration the leading position of the country natural biomass resourses as well as the deveoped agrobusiness.Thus there is need to the energy production of decentralized small system to attend food and agoindustry of these country need with objective of not without much the high level investment and energy intensive biotechnology of overdeveloped countries.
For this technology development towards control of small energy production with out pollution using modern microbial process, two major field are identified and recommended for developing countries by biotechnology expert Heden, one, the Ecological microbiology and the other the Bioprocess engineering. In addition to this, our research group, a small interdisciplinary team is also working in another field, recently identifying also simillar research in Asian university thailand related to above two fields in the Environmental Biotechnology. And Biofuel for Fuel cell Our research focus is in this new area involving bioprocess cost engineering and optimization of clean fuel process development using modern computer aided Simulation softwere .
As the recently created Brazilian national agency for Petroleum (ANP) and Bioenergy company of PetroBras , BRAZIL is supporting our graduate, master and doctorate level research projects connected with environment problems related with small enery prouction. We choose this field to apply our research efforts that had success in the past with considerable practical results obtained in the field of process cost engineering, process simulation and clean technology development.
Because the fields of our proposed research work involve multi disciplinary research of bio-process design for clean fuel, we searched for international collaboration. Our recent participations in International Conference on Microbial Biotechnology in India, as well as our visit to three advanced biotechnology research laboratories there, made possible to formulate our research objective jointly towards the clean technology developments appropriate to our research problems with environmental biotechnology group of NEERI, India with the help of the TWAS /CSIR in our earlier work .This we wish now to extend to thailand too as all are South Asia, Thailand playing Cenral role of integration of sevral countries in the regions
Our second strategy for success of the project is the selection of right/ proper bio processes based on Brazilian Biotechnological experiences and raw materials and also the multiples microorganism of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria, chemolithotropic bacteria micro algae and novel reactor system to design for viable small system for clean energy production
Our third strategy for rapid research and development work is joint collaborative research with bio process engineering in this field that can facilitate to execute our project task within time with combined effort. We have identified two projects for the present.
During the production of biogas, hydrogen is being formed. This hydrogen remains obscure as it is immediately consumed by methanogenic bacteria. By decoupling the fermentations in the biogas production, hydrogen and methane production can be separated Hydrogen can be used for the production of electricity and heat using a fuel cell; methane can used to feed the regular gasdistribution or, after steam-reforming, to add to the hydrogen yield of the bioprocess. In this way, biomass is converted to 3 green energy products: electricity, heat and gas. The separated production of hydrogen and methane is novel and paves the way for a rapid transition to the clean hydrogen economy. In the end, the methane fermentation may be replaced by other hydrogen producing processes such as photofermentative or thermochemical conversion of organic acids to hydrogen. The bioprocess presented here is partially established technology and offers a sound and versatile basis for the conversion of biomass to energy to reduce CO2 emission as agreed in the Kyoto protocol.
Besides glucose and starch, the agricultural products sugar from waste sweet potato, cashew , coconut fruits rice mill , cassava root, yam , fish , shrimp and sugare cane will be investigated. To demonstrate a biogenous waste as the carbon source, the substrate potato peels was additionally tested for its potential of hydrogen production. The acids mainly produced by the heterotrophic production of biohydrogen are acetic-, propionic- and butyric acid. Maximum hydrogen production and conversion yields from various substrates are listed in Table1
The maximum hydrogen conversion yield of 4 mol H2 per mol of glucose can be achieved with acetate (CH3COOH) as the fermentation end product (1). If butyric acid (CH3(CH2)2COOH) or propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH) is the end product, then the H2 conversion yield is only 2 mol H2 (2) and 1 mol H2 per mol of glucose (3), respectively.
Table 1. Maximum hydrogen production and conversion yields from various substrates
C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2 (1)
C6H12O6 → CH3(CH2)2COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2 (2)
C6H12O6 → CH3CH2COOH + CO2 + H2 (3)
According to Hallenbeck (2004), using mixed cultures for inoculation of the process, a combined production of both acetic and butyric acid often occurs, resulting in a maximum hydrogen conversion yield of 2 mol H2 per mol of glucose (4).
4C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 3CH3(CH2)2COOH + 8CO2 + 8H2 (4)
During the anaerobic degradation of glucose, also lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH) can be formed.The formation of lactic acid is unwanted during the production of biohydrogen, since whereby no hydrogen is set free (5). In addition lactic acid bacteria (e.g. Lactobacillus paracasei or Enterococcus durans) can form intermediate catabolic products (so-called bacteriocrine), in hibiting hydrogen producing bacteria (Noike et al, 2002).
C6H12O6 → 2CH3CHOHCOOH (5)
According to the results of the literature , as presented in the Table 1, the highest production of biohydrogen was achieved using glucose as carbon source. The value of 221 Nml H2/g VSS of glucose was reached under optimum conditions and with heat pretreated sewage sludge as inoculum .Using the substrates sugar beet, fodder beet, turnip and potato, specific hydrogen productions of 114 Nml H2/g VSS, 185 Nml H2/g VSS, 142 Nml H2/g VSS and 153 Nml H2/g VSS respectively, were attained. The specific volume of biohydrogen produced from the biowaste potato peels is also significant amounting to a value of 85 Nml H2/g VSS. Considering the VFA produced, production of lactic acid is noticeable for the substrates glucose (291 mg/g VSS) and sugar beet (82 mg/g VSS). The formation of lactic acid is unfavourable for the production of hydrogen as described above. Using the substrates fodder beet, turnip and potato peels no lactic acid could be analysed. For potato as carbon source, a very low concentration of 0.7 mg lactic acid/g VSS was determined. Apart from the model substrate glucose, the highest production of hydrogen (185 Nml H2/g VSS) and consequently also of the highest production of acetate (195 mg/g VSS) VSS) was attained using the starchy substrate fodder beet and butyrate (290 g/g ).
Biological hydrogen production and carbon di oxide removal from from fuel gas obtained from biomass wastes waste in which our group has basic research data, making possible the bio an thermo process design and process economic study of the future joint research proposalof international colaboration.
II RATIONALE AND JUSTIFICATION
1- A large amount of corrosive, toxic gas is generated that needs higher investments for removal and recovery with conventional methods of biofuel and hydrogen production
2- High levels of odour control problems from acid gas associated with pollution the life of labors in the Industry.
3- Very simple nutrition requirement for microbial bio process compared to thermo chemical process bacteria and algae systems , Thus combined one more practical
4- Deep removal of carbon di oxide and suphide – 99%
5- Lower residual toxic gas, less than 5 ppm and low consumption of energy.
6- Odour free treated effluent and high value microbial biomass protein production for animal feed fior fertizer and feed from waste
7- Clean ecological processing using microbs and support carrier derived from renewable biomass resource with minimum effluents of energy production system
8- High rate microbial process due to high density of biomass supported carrier system and low cost of bioreactors and higher productivity.
9- Most economical methods due to optimization of process equipment’s, energy and material impact, recovery of energy ,heat and high valve products with minimization of residues and emission
10- Good research facilities between the pilot plant facilities and collaborating institutions
11- Previous research Experience in biotechnology (environment biotechnology) and process engineering cost optimization using software with participation of international conference and research collaboration on novel biomass development.
12- Several applications of the small system energy developed for developing countries.
III OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this proposal is the development of a system for the production of hydrogen and biogas from renewable resources that meets the specifications for application in fuel cells and rural energy use . In this way the advantages of production of biofuiel and fuel cells, i.e. higher energy conversion and zero emission, will become exploitable without the traditional carbon dioxide emission associated with the utilisation of fossil fuels. This goal will be achieved through complex system ntegration of the work using computer aided on processing biomass from energy crops and waste streams via computer aides modeling, and optimization ; the development of a microbial hydrogen producing ‘factory’, and the recovery and application of the product. The Brazil and Thailand involvement of scientists and industrialists will support the objective of the knowledge spreading and the potential introduction of biological hydrogen production across these developing countries .
The other objective will be focussed to study the microbiological process design, operation and monitoring of the system designed using microbial bioreactor system for Bio hydrogen using thermofilic bacterias and thermo hydrogen production with bio oil , as well as the carbon and sulphur recovery and the odor control where as fotosysthetico bacterias and algae for CO2 removal. The evaluation of the best biological process and project that yield low emission of gas residues and higher byproduct recovery leading to clean technology biohydrogen is also our aim to achieve. Our major effort include synthesize of the project and analyze of the system development with regard not only the investments and cost, but also environmentally clean, will be limited to the following three lines of research. .
REFERENCES
Bursche, W. (2004): Untersuchungen zur biologischen Wasserstofferzeugung aus verschiedenen biogenen Roh- und Reststoffen. Project Work at the Department of Waste Management, Hamburg University of Technology TUHH, unpublished.
Ginkel, S. van; Sung, S.; Lay, J.-J. (2001): Biohydrogen as a function of pH and substrate concentration. Eviron. Sci. Technol. 35, pp. 4726-4730.
Hallenbeck, P.C. (2004): Fundamentals of the fermentative production of biohydrogen. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Anaerobic Digestion, Montreal, pp. 241-248.
Hawkes, F.R.; Dinsdale, R.M.; Hawkes, D.L.; Huss, I. (2002): Sustainable fermentative hydrogen production: Challenges for process optimization. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27, pp. 1339-1347.
Zurawski, D. meyer .Mand Stegmann R(2005). Fermentative production of biohydrogen from biowaste using digested sewage sludge as inoculum, Department of Waste Management, Hamburg University of Technology TUHH, Harburger Schlossstrasse 36, 21079 Hamburg, Germany . the paper presented for Sardinia 2005, Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium
Nandi, R.; Sengupta, S. (1998): Microbial production of hydrogen: An overview. Critical. Rev. Microbiol. 24 (1), pp. 61-84.
Noike, T.; Takabatake, H.; Mizuno, O.; Ohba, M. (2002): Inhibition of hydrogen fermentation of organic wastes by lactic acid bacteria. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 27, pp. 1367-1371.
